Bleeding left hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm: a complication of endoscopic ultrasound-guided hepaticogastrostomy.

A 66-year-old man, who had undergone pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy with Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy for cancer of the pancreatic head, developed recurrent obstructive jaundice. He underwent balloon-assisted endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) with insertion of bilateral self-expandable metal stents (SEMSs). Following this, he was admitted again because of recurrent cholangitis; on this occasion, he underwent endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided hepaticogastrostomy (EUS-HG) for biliary drainage. The procedure was carried out under EUS and fluoroscopic guidance using a curvilinear echoscope (GF UC-140P; Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). After segment II of left intrahepatic bile duct had been localized, a 19-gauge needle (EchoTipultra; Cook Ireland, Limerick, Ireland) was used to puncture the bile duct and a 0.035-inch Jagwire was inserted. The tract was then dilated using a 7-Fr Soehendra stent retriever, followed by 8.5-Fr and 10-Fr Soehendra dilators. A 10×100-mm fully covered SEMS was deployed in a good position (●" Fig.1). The patientwasdischarged after anuneventful recovery. He was admitted 13 days later because of massive bleeding and hypovolemic shock. After he had been resuscitated, he underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD),whichshowedactivebleeding from the gastric side of SEMS (●" Fig.2). He was therefore referred for angiography, which showed a pseudoaneurysm of the segment II branch of the left hepatic artery adjacent to the mid portion of the SEMS (●" Fig.3). Superselective angiography was then performed with coil embolization using two pieces of 3×3.3-mm and 4×4-mm fiber coil (VortX Diamond18; Boston Scientific, Natick, Massachusetts, USA) and the bleeding stopped (●" Fig.4). Hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm is a rare cause of gastrointestinal bleeding. The causes of this condition are iatrogenic trauma, such as post-pancreatobiliary surgery, and inflammation, such as acute and chronic pancreatitis [1,2]. There are only a few case reports of this condition following ERCP with biliary stenting [3,4]. Endovascular embolization has been previously reported as an impressive treatment [5]. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of a hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm following EUS-HG to be reported. We hypothesize that this complication could have occurred during creation of the hepaticogastrostomy tract using the Soehendra stent retriever. An awareness of this life-threatening condition is very important to patient safety.